29.10.08

ΚΑΜΠ ΚΑΙ ΣΕΞΟΥΑΛΙΚΟΤΗΤΑ

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Vaslav Nijinsky
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Καμπ και σεξουαλικότητα
Σούζαν Σόνταγκ
Σημειώσεις για το καμπ (1964)
Το ερμαφρόδιτο είναι σίγουρα μία από τις μεγάλες εικόνες της καμπ ευαισθησίας. Παράδειγμα: οι επιτηδευμένες, λεπτές, φιδίσιες μορφές της ζωγραφικής και της προραφαηλιτικής ποίησης’ τα ισχνά και αιθέρια, ασεξουαλικά κορμιά στις γκραβούρες και οι ανάγλυφες αρ νουβό εικόνες πάνω σε κεριά και σταχτοδοχεία’ το ερμαφρόδιτο βασανιστικό κενό πίσω από την ομορφιά της Γκρέτα Γκάρμπο. Στο σημείο αυτό, το κάμπ αγγίζει μία από τις πιο παρεξηγημένες αλήθειες του γούστου: η πιο εκλεπτυσμένη μορφή σεξουαλικής έλξης (καθώς και της σεξουαλικής ηδονής) έγκειται στο να πηγαίνεις κόντρα στις επιταγές του φύλου σου. Το πιο όμορφο στοιχείο στους αρρενωπούς άντρες είναι κάτι το γυναικείο (…) Στο καμπ εκτός από το ερμαφρόδιτο στοιχείο υπάρχει και κάτι που μοιάζει πολύ διαφορετικό, αν και δεν είναι: η τάση να μεγαλοποιούνται τα σεξουαλικά χαρακτηριστικά και η επιτήδευση της προσωπικότητας. Για προαφανείς λόγους, τα καλύτερα παραδείγματα που θα αναφέρουμε αφορούν στις ντίβες του κινηματογράφου. Η κοινότοπη και φανταχτερή θηλυκότητα της Τζέιν Μάνσφιλντ, της Τζίνα Λολομπρίντζιντα, της Τζέιν Ράσελ, της Βορτζίνια Μάγιο (…) Το καμπ είναι ο θρίαμβος του ερμαφρόδιτου στυλ. (Η μετατρεψιμότητα μεταξύ «άντρα» και «γυναίκας», μεταξύ «ανθρώπου» και «πράγματος».) Το στυλ, όμως, δηλαδή το τέχνασμα, κατά βάθος, είναι πάντα ερμαφρόδιτο. Η ζωή δεν έχει στυλ (…) Δεν είναι αλήθεια ότι το στυλ καμπ είναι ένα στυλ ομοφυλοφιλικό, ωστόσο ανάμεσα στα δύο υπάρχει, δίχως αμφιβολία, μία ιδιαίτερη σχέση και πολλά κοινά στοιχεία (…) Δεν έχουν όλοι οι ομοφυλόφιλοι καμπ στυλ, αλλά οι ομοφυλόφιλοι, γενικότερα, αποτελούν την πρωτοπορία – και το ευρύτερο κοινό – του καμπ. (…) Η επιμονή του καμπ στην έλλειψη «σοβαρότητας», στο παιχνίδι, έχει κάποια σχέση με την επιθυμία του ομοφυλόφιλου να μένει νέος. Διαισθανόμαστε ωστόσο πως αν οι ομοφυλόφιλοι δεν είχαν επινοήσει το καμπ, κάποιος άλλος θα το έκανε. Γιατί η αριστοκρατική συμπεριφορά απέναντι στην κουλτούρα δεν μπορεί να πεθάνει, αν και μπορεί να επιβιώσει μόνο με όλο και πιο αυθαίρετους και εφευρετικούς τρόπους.

Από το Ουμπέρτο Έκο (επιμ.): Ιστορία της Ασχήμιας (Καστανιώτης, 2007)

1 σχόλιο:

erva_cidreira είπε...

Camp (style)

Camp is an aesthetic in which something has appeal because of its bad taste or ironic value. When the term first appeared in 1909, it was used to refer to ostentatious, exaggerated, affected, theatrical, effeminate or homosexual behaviour. By the mid-1970s, the term was defined as "banality, artifice, mediocrity, or ostentation so extreme as to have perversely sophisticated appeal."[1] American writer Susan Sontag's 1964 essay "Notes on 'Camp'" emphasised artifice, frivolity, naïve middle-class pretentiousness and shocking excess as key elements.

Camp films were popularized by filmmaker John Waters, including Hairspray and Polyester. Celebrities that are associated with camp personas include drag queens and performers such as Dame Edna, Divine (Glen Milstead), RuPaul, Boy George, and Liberace. As part of the anti-academic defense of popular culture in the 1960s, camp came to popularity in the 1980s with the widespread adoption of postmodern views on art and culture.

Origins and development
Camp derives from the French slang term se camper, meaning “to pose in an exaggerated fashion”. The OED gives 1909 as the first print citation of camp as "ostentatious, exaggerated, affected, theatrical; effeminate or homosexual; pertaining to, characteristic of, homosexuals. So as a noun, ‘camp’ behaviour, mannerisms, et cetera. (cf. quot. 1909); a man exhibiting such behaviour". Per the OED, this sense is "etymologically obscure."

According to writer and theorist Samuel R. Delany, the term a camp originally developed from the practice of female impersonators and other prostitutes following military encampments to sexually service the soldiers. Later, it evolved into a general description of the aesthetic choices and behavior of working-class homosexual men. Finally, it was made mainstream, and adjectivised, by Susan Sontag in her landmark essay.

The rise of postmodernism made camp a common perspective on aesthetics, which was not identified with any specific group. The attitude originally was a distinctive factor in pre-Stonewall gay male communities, where it was the dominant cultural pattern. Altman argues that it originated from the acceptance of gayness as effeminacy. Two key components of camp were originally feminine performances: swish and drag. With swish featuring extensive use of superlatives, and drag being exaggerated female impersonation, camp became extended to all things "over the top", including female female impersonators, as in the exaggerated Hollywood version of Carmen Miranda. It was this version of the concept that was adopted by literary and art critics and became a part of the conceptual array of 'sixties culture. Moe Meyer still defines camp as "queer parody

Components
“ You can't do camp on purpose. — Susan Sontag ”

Attitude
Camp has been from the start an ironic attitude, embraced by anti-Academic theorists for its explicit defense of clearly marginalized forms. As such, its claims to legitimacy are dependent on its opposition to the status quo; camp has no aspiration to timelessness, but rather lives on the hypocrisy of the dominant culture. It doesn't present basic values, but precisely confronts culture with what it perceives as its inconsistencies, to show how any norm is socially constructed. This rebellious utilisation of critical concepts was originally formulated by modernist art theorists such as sociologist Theodor Adorno, who were radically opposed to the kind of popular culture that consumerism endorsed.

Humor and allusion
Camp is a critical analysis and at the same time a big joke. Camp takes “something” (normally a social norm, object, phrase, or style), does a very acute analysis of what the “something” is, then takes the “something” and presents it humorously. As a performance, camp is meant to be an allusion. A person being campy has a generalization they are intentionally making fun of or manipulating. Though camp is a joke it's also a very serious analysis done by people who are willing to make a joke out of themselves to prove a point.

Another part of camp is dishing, a conversational style including retorts, vicious putdowns, and/or malicious gossip, and showing disrespect, associated with the entertainment industry and also called "chit chat" .


The term "camp" as we now know it comes form the Batman TV series from the 60's. It was the first time a genre parodied itself. In the past, comic book recreations tried to appeal to the kids who read the comic books. But the Batman show actually made fun of the whole thing -- the corny dialogue, the improbable scenarios, the ridiculous clean cut nature of the heroes et al, all the while playing it with a straight face. One reviewer described it as something on the level of a play they put on in "camp." The show turned out to be a success because kids liked it anyway and adults found it funny and the term "camp" remained the catch phrase as a style that described the tongue-in-cheek silliness of the show with its gaudy colors and flamboyant characters. The term stuck as a part of American colloquialism and is today used as a description for anything over the top in a theatrical way.

Drag
As part of camp, drag occasionally consists of feminine apparel, ranging from slight make-up and a few feminine garments, typically hats, gloves, or high heels, to a total getup, complete with wigs, gowns, jewellery, and full make-up. In the case of drag kings or female male-impersonators, the opposite is true and often involves exaggerated displays of traditional male sexuality.

en.wikipedia.org